If I put table salt, epsom salt, pickling salt, sand and dirt on a puck of ice, then the pickling salt will melt the ice the fastest because salt is what most people use to melt ice on sidewalks, so I chose a salt, and pickling salt has large grains perhaps causing a larger area of ice to melt per grain of salt compared to the other salts.

Salt and Its Uses

     Salt is a chunky mineral that can be found in many foods because of its savoury taste.     Salt can be found naturally in the form of salt domes, from evaporating sea water, salt lakes or salt springs. More specifically salt can be found in Cleveland, Detroit, the Michigan basin and the Mediterranean basin. Additionally halite, the salt that table salt comes from, is a type of naturally occurring rock salt that appears in 2-200m thick beds of salt deposit. Even though there aren’t a lot of different salt occurrences, there are many types of salt. Some salt differences are the colour of salt, for example pickling salt is naturally white and sea salt is naturally grey or blue. Another difference in salt types is size, the size of the flake determines how it can be stored and used.  For instance, table salt has small flake sizes and can be stored in a shaker with small holes while himalayan salt wouldn’t be able to fit through the holes of the same shaker. Also prices may range between prices. For example, table salt is $2.00/kg while pickling salt was $14.00/kg and epsom salt is $5.00/kg. All salts are the chemical compound of sodium chloride (NaCl) however epsom salt isn’t sodium chloride because epsom salt isn’t actually a salt.

Epsom salt is the chemical makeup of magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄) and is also known as a bath salt, with it being highly water soluble. Epsom salt is rough, white and crystalline salt that is commonly used in baths to relax muscles, though this is only a theory. When gotten wet, epsom salt breaks down into magnesium and sulphate and the theory is, minerals absorb into the skin and get absorbed into the body. Not only does this relax muscles but it also reduces swelling and pain from cramps. Additionally epsom salt may be used in beer making and agriculture. Sometimes epsom salt may be consumed to treat magnesium deficiency and treat pregnancy convulsions for people with preeclampsia, eclampsia or high blood pressure (PE/E). However, taking epsom salt by mouth might cause vomiting, fainting, a slow heart rate or feeling very warm, meaning doctor have to be careful when administering it. Doctors will, when a patient has PE/E, give patients a shot of epsom salt, though it can be very painful and an overdose can be fatal. Epsom salt is a bitter tasting salt that few people would find appetising to eat. On the other hand, salts like table salt and pickling salt will often be found in and on foods.

                                                                                                                                              

Salt is abundant and common when used in and on foods. Many people and bakers will add salt to their foods to highlight its savoury flavour. Though that's not the only reason salts are added to food, items like meat, fish and pickles use salt as a preservative to slow mold growth and maintain its freshness. Furthermore, the most common salt to be used in preserving is pickling salt which is pure and has no additives, unlike table salt which has iodide, anti clumping agents, fluoride, calcium and magnesium, to help deficiencies, tooth decay and stops salt from clumping up. Salt also is a food binder that holds food together and is a great source of sodium which helps muscles move. Overall salt is a largely varying, tasty and necessary resource to prevent mold growth and bind food.

Ice and Its Properties

                                                                                                          

Ice is a cold material made of 1 part oxygen and 2 parts hydrogen (H₂O). Ice is commonly below 0°C and is cold to touch. Ice is the solid form of water. A solid is one of the 3 states of matter, solid, liquid and gas. Just like ice is a solid, water is a liquid with molecules able to flow around each other and form different shapes, whereas solids are the densest state of matter and has one form. When ice is an untouched solid it melts at +1°C but may melt at colder temperatures if other substances are added to it. The different items that are put on ice will affect ice differently

Many different materials affect ice in different ways, for example salt will lower the freezing point of water, dirt will darken the ice surface causing ice to absorb more heat and alcohol will significantly raise the melting point of ice. Though not only items affect ice, different conditions such as temperature, amount and being submerged in water also affect ice. For instance, a 30g ice cube in a 24°C room takes 90-120 minutes to melt, while the same 30g ice cube takes 60-70 seconds to melt in boiling water. When ice starts to heat up, the molecules (2 or more atoms) start to speed up and take in energy, soon the hydrogen bonds break and the ice is now water. The opposite happens when water freezes. Ice has lots of ways to be melted though sometimes we need ice to help us and the earth.

Ice is an important and necessary part of our lives. Ice often is used ice packs, to numb injuries and to slow swelling, by constricting blood vessels. Swelling is when the body send a lot of blood to the injury, enlarging the blood vessels, and they become leaky, causing the swelling of an injury. Ice makes those blood vessels smaller, preventing them from leaking with making less blood flow. Additionally, ice can be used for organ transplants, to help cool off burns and for beauty uses. Though not only is ice used to help us humans, it also helps the earth. Ice reflects the sun's energy and heating preventing global warming, though as humans make the earth warm up glaciers and other natural ice occurrences are melting causing the earth to heat up. Ice is also a home for many animals from the mighty polar bear and walrus to the timid arctic fox and snow hare, there are many animals that call this ecosystem home. In result we can see that the cold and unique substance called ice has many uses and is extremely important for the earth and its inhabitants.

Sand and Dirt, What Are They?

                                                                                               

Dirt is a loose ground cover that is made up of inorganic and organic material, while sand is unconsolidated rock fragments that is commonly found next to and in the ocean. Sand is made up of grains which can be different sizes varying from 1/16-2 mm in size, any bigger and it’s considered gravel, any smaller and it’s silt. Those grains are made from particles of minerals, rock fragments and biogenic material. The most common mineral found in sand is quartz (SiO₄₎, a hard and crystalline material used because of its strength and often found in jewellery. Sand varies largely based on the location it’s found in, what it’s made up of and because of that sand is never a pure mixture. Similarly, dirt also has many types and is rarely pure.

Dirt has many different types, resulting in different colours and different structures of dirt. Sawdust, is similar to dirt and can be used as an insulator. Meaning dirt possibly may be an insulator. The main 6 types of dirt are clay dirt, sandy dirt, silt, loam, peat and chalky dirt. Clay is the smallest with particles 0.002mm big, clay will hold water inside and is a bad choice if you want fast draining soil. Clay is also the heaviest soil with it being over 25% clay. Differing from clay dirt, sandy soil is very light and well draining, though it also means it dries out fast. Oftentimes sandy soil has a high acidity, meaning only certain plants can thrive in this soil. Silt is a soil that holds moisture not as much as clay, though it doesn't drain as well as sandy soil. Silt also is very rich in minerals and easily compacts. A loam dirt has combinations of clay, sandy and silt soils and can avoid extremes of any. Peat is a dirt mainly composed of organic material meaning it holds moisture, though peat dirt isn’t commonly found in gardens. Finally, chalky soil can be a light or heavy soil, mainly containing calcium carbonate and is a largely alkaline soil. In summary both sand and dirt vary in size, colour and structure based on their types and the place they were found.

Effects of Salt and Ice on Each Other

Salt and ice affect each other by melting ice faster and salt dissolving. The ice starts to melt faster when salt is put on it because the salt starts to dissolve, then the molecules of the salt wedge themselves in between the ice molecules, breaking the hydrogen bonds and turning the ice into water. Although temperatures above -10°C salt dissolves fast and the hydrogen bonds aren’t that strong, the colder the temperature is the stronger the hydrogen bond gets and the slower the salt dissolves. At a certain temperature salt won’t dissolve at all and the ice will stay ice. That's why salt only works at a certain temperature, though you can use other salt materials such as calcium chloride, magnesium chloride or potassium chloride to melt ice at colder temperatures. Oftentimes this is useful in the winter when water freezes on sidewalks and becomes slippery and dangerous. You can use salt to melt the ice and remove the danger. In conclusion salt is a useful item for melting ice and to prevent slipping and falling on ice.

Manipulated

• Type of material

Responding

• Compared weight the of ice, without the water, to the other materials ice

Control

• Material amount
• Ice amount
• Temperature of fridge
• Temperature of freezer
• Container size
• Container material
• Melting time

1. Pour 35 mls of tap water (Room temp.) into each of the 6 cups of a silicone muffin tray
2. Put muffin tray on metal baking sheet
3. Put the baking sheet with the muffin tray on it, in the freezer for 3 days
4. Pop out ice pucks from the silicone muffin tray
5. Put each ice puck into a separate container
6. Measure out 2 ml of table salt, epsom salt, pickling salt, sand and dirt and weigh each material
7. Sprinkle evenly across the top of the ice the measured out table salt, pickling salt, epsom salt, sand, dirt on 1 ice puck for each material, leaving one with nothing on it for control
8. Put a piece of tape on the outside of each container
9. Label each container on the tape with the material on the ice (ex: dirt for dirt, control for nothing, ect)                                           
10. Let ice sit in a 2°C (37°F) fridge for 1 hour, observing every 15 mins
11. Immediately weigh the remaining ice one at at a time
12. Repeat steps 1-11 2 more times
13. Graph weight of ice subtracting the weight of the material and draw conclusion

 

Trial 1

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Pickling salt Observation	Some water in container. The edges of the ice look frayed. Everything is shiny. Mound of salt, looks like became part of ice.	Decent amount of water in container. Edges of ice look even more frayed and dissolved. The ice puck is smaller and more melted where there is less salt.	2 big dips in ice. A good amount of water in container. Ices edges look frayed in all spots. Some spots the edge looks chipped.	Almost whole bottom of container covered with water. Ice puck ½ melted. Ice is pretty flat. Tiny snowflake shaped divots in the ice.	Water fills all of bottom of container. ¼ of the ice puck left. Ice has a rough surface.
Pickling salt Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Table salt Observation	Some water in container. All salt sticks to ice. Salt is cold. Everything is shiny. Tiny lumps of table salt. Salt looks like part of ice.	Fair amount of water in container. Salt dissolved center of ice, looks like a sinkhole happened. Still salt lumps. Thin layer of water on the ice.	½ of the rim of the container filled. Edges look like they have snowflakes attached to them. Everything is still shiny.	½ of bottom of container has water on it. Salt is clear. Center of ice melted the most. Almost ½ the ice is melted.	Edges of the ice are frayed. The ice has lots of divots. The ice isn’t flat. ¾ of bottom of container has water on it.
Table salt Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Epsom salt Observation	Salt looks like tiny white balls. Salt is half dissolved into ice. Ice looks shiny and has a thin layer of water.	A few lumps of salt, the rest is dissolved. Thicker layer of water on ice. No water in bottom of container.	Small amount of water in container. Ice has dips and hills. Still clumps of salt. Chips taken out of side of ice.	Decent amount of water in container. 2 piles of salt remain, it’s barely dissolved just inside the edges. Dissolved center most. Edges look frayed.	One group of white salt, rest is clear. The ice melted the most where the white epsom salt is. Water covers over ⅓ of bottom of container.
Epsom salt Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Sand Observation	Ice hasn’t melted yet. Sand sticks to ice in a layer.	Sand has a cold temperature. Ice is unchanged. No water layer on ice.	Sand is mostly unchanged. It looks like a chip was taken out of the side of the ice.	Sand is unchanged. Ice exposed to air is shiny.	Sand is wet and clumpy. When it clumps together it’s hard to move. All ice is shiny.
Sand Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Dirt Observation	Ice is unchanged. When dirt is moved around it leaves a brown residue.	Dirt doesn’t look different. Ice is still a bit foggy.	Where there is no dirt ice is shiny, when there is a dusting of dirt ice is cloudy.	Dirt is sticking to ice a lot. Ice exposed to air is shiny. Dirt is cold.	All ice you can see is shiny and wet. No water in bottom of container.
Dirt Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Control Observation	Ice is cloudy. When ice is touched it get clear	Relatively unchanged. Thin layer of water on ice.	Mainly unchanged, though less cloudy.	Lines on ice going to center of ice. Dots of water in container.	Little bit more water in container. Lines on ice going all directions
Control Photo

 

Trial 2

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Pickling salt Observation	Salt is clear. A little bit of water on the ice. Ice has small chipped edges.	Ice is bumpy. Ice is clear on the edges, but white in the center. Edges of ice are really chipped. Little water in container. Ice is shiny.	½ the bottom of the container is covered with water. Ice is bumpy. ½ of ice is melted. Ice looks like a crater. White in the center of the ice.	Ice is rough. One part of ice almost fully melted through. Almost whole container bottom covered in water. Ice is shiny.	Ice is very rough. The whole container bottom is covered in water. One part of ice melted all the way through.
Pickling salt Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Table salt Observation	Salt is clear. Salt looks like snow. Edges of ice are melting. Little bit of water in container.	Small amount of water in container. It looks like snow is in the center of the ice. Edges of ice are chipped.	Edges of ice are serrated. Melted most in middle of ice. Center of ice is white. Ice is shiny. Ice has small lumps all over it. Almost ½ ice melted. ½ of bottom of container filled with water	Ice has a rough surface. Looks like snow is in the center of the ice. Over ½ the container bottom filled with water. Some bubbles in the ice are escaping	Almost all the bottom of container is covered in water. Ice is very bumpy. Ice has a crack in it.
Table salt Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Epsom salt Observation	Some wet spots on the ice. Salt touching ice is gray and is dissolving.	All of the salt is shiny. Some salt has become imbedded in the ice. A few drops of water in container.	Looks like each salt grain is in a drop of water. Ice melts most in the center. One side of the ices edge looks melted and chipped.	½ of ice edge looks untouched. Ice has melted the most at the center. Some piles of white salt, rest is clear.	Ice is mostly rough, one part is flat. Most of the edge of the ice looks frayed. 1 pile of white salt left. Almost ½ the container bottom is filled with water.
Epsom salt Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Sand Observation	Ice isn’t melting yet. Cloudy layer not yet removed.	Little bit shiny around edges of ice, rest of ice is cloudy though. Sand is still unchanged.	All visible ice is shiny. Thin water layer on ice. Sand is still unchanged.	Ice is shiny. Moderate layer of water on ice. Little bit of water in container. Sand looks wet.	Same amount of water in container. All the sand is wet. Thick layer of water on ice.
Sand Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Dirt Observation	Ice is cloudy. No melting has occurred yet.	Nothing has changed. Ice is still cloudy. Dirt is the same.	Lines are on the ice. Where dirt isn’t ice is shiny.	Thin layer of water on ice. Dirt starting to look wet.	Ice is shiny. Dirt is wet. Water is on ice. Little bit of water at bottom of container
Dirt Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Control Observation	Cloudy ice. Looks like snowflakes on ice.	Not cloudy anymore. Has a flat surface.	Lines are appearing in ice. Ice is shiny. Drops of water in bottom of container.	Bit of water in bottom of container. White spots inside of the ice. Thin layer of water on ice.	Ice is shiny. Thin layer of water on ice. Some water at bottom of container.
Control Photo

Trial 3

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Pickling salt Observation	Salt is clear. Moderate water layer on ice. Little bit of water in container bottom.	¼ container bottom covered in water. Bumps on ice. 1 edge looks untouched. Looks white in middle of ice. Salt is transparent.	1 edge looks untouched, ½ of ice is melted. ½ of container bottom covered in water. Very bumpy ice. Ice is shiny.	½ of container bottom covered in water. Ice is bumpy. Over ½ of ice is melted. Melted most in center.	1 edge of the ice flat. Whole container bottom covered in water. ¾ ice melted. Ice is bumpy. 1 part of ice melted to the bottom.
Pickling salt Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Table salt Observation	Drops of water in container bottom. Most salt is clear. White in center of ice. Thin water layer on ice.	Edges of ice are chipped. Ice is bumpy. White clumps of salt. Most salt is clear. Melt most in the middle of ice. Little bit of water in container bottom.	2 white bumps on ice. Ice is bumpy. ¼ container bottom has water covering it. Ice is shiny.	Edges of ice look frayed. Center of ice melted most. 1 white bump on ice. Ice is bumpy. ½ of ice melted. ½ of container bottom covered in water.	½ of ice melted. ½ bottom of container covered in water. Bumpy ice. 2 craters in ice. 1 white clump of salt  in the ice.
Table salt Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Epsom salt Observation	Salt sticks to ice. Ice is shiny. Some salt dissolved into ice.	Ice is shiny. Thin water layer on ice. Middle of ice is melted the most. The salt is covered in water.	Little bit of water on bottom of container. Most salt untouched. Ice is very bumpy. Some sides of ice are untouched.	All salt is clear. Ice is very bumpy. Some water at bottom of container.	Almost ½ melted. Almost ½ of bottom of container is covered in water. Ice is bumpy. Flat edge of ice.
Epsom salt Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Sand Observation	Ice is foggy. No melting.	Ice is shiny. Sand is untouched.	Ice is shiny. Thin layer of water on ice. Sand is the same.	A few drops of water in container. Ice is shiny. Thin layer of water on ice	Some drops of water in container. Everything is shiny. Sand is wet.
Sand Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Dirt Observation	Ice is foggy.  No melting yet.	Ice is foggy. Dirt is the same. Lines appearing in ice.	Ice is shiny. Lines still showing. Dirt is still the same.	Ice is shiny. Lines in ice still there. Dirt is unchanged.	Dirt is a little wet. Ice is shiny. Thin layer of water on ice.
Dirt Photo

 

Time	0mins	15mins	30mins	45mins	60mins
Control Observation	Foggy/frosty ice surface.	Ice is shiny. Ice is flat.	Lines are showing on ice. Ice is flat and shiny.	A few drops of water in container. Thin water layer on ice. Ice is shiny.	Some water in container bottom. Thin water layer on ice. Ice is shiny. Lines are showing on ice.
Control Photo

 

Weight of ice after melting (g)
	Table salt	Epsom salt	Pickling salt	Sand	Dirt	Control
Trial 1	18	27	12	34	36	35
Trial 2	17	27	16	33	33	32
Trial 3	15	27	13	34	35	33

 

Average weight of ice after melting (g)
	Table salt	Epsom salt	Pickling salt	Sand	Dirt	Control
Average of Trials	16.67	27	13.67	33.67	34.67	33.33

In my experiment I changed the different materials put on ice pucks and measured the weight of them afterwards. My graph clearly shows that pickling salt has the least weight in the end, followed by table salt, epsom salt, control, sand and then finally, dirt. I think that pickling salt melted the most ice because it is pure salt so no additives that are added to table salt are present. I think this matters because there are more salt molecules present in the pickling salt, causing more melting power in the pickling salt than the table salt.  What surprised me is the fact that dirt and sand melted less than the control ice. I think this is because the dirt is acting as an insulator to the ice and keeping it cold, similar to sawdust as my research states. I think the same happened with the sand, although the sand was a less effective insulator than the dirt, the control still melted a little bit more than the sand. Overall, the pickling salt melted the most proving my hypothesis correct and the dirt melted the least surprising me.

Overall, my hypothesis was correct in what happened, though I was incorrect on why. My theory that the big salt grains of pickling salt would melt a larger area of ice than table salt, which has smaller grains, might have been accurate. However I learned in my background research that pickling salt may have large grains, though large grains of salt don’t define what pickling salt is. The particular pickling salt I used had fine granules, causing my theory to not be able to be tested. My results ended up aligning with my hypothesis with pickling salt melting the most. Though it may be smarter and more cost effective to use table salt, which most people have in their house and is only $2/kg, compared to seven times that at $14. In the end, my experiment went smoothly and according to the procedure, except for a few bumps along the road. The next places I could take my experiment involve testing more materials, doing it at changing temperatures or submerging the ice in liquids.

My science fair project not is not only for the purposes of practicing the scientific method, but also to help the world become a better place. In the cold winters of Canada, oftentimes sidewalks will have a layer of ice on them causing them to be slippery and hazardous. For this reason people often put different salts on sidewalks, though what if you don't have these specially made salt? What do you use instead to keep people safe? My experiment is to test what household items can be used on ice to keep people safe by melting it. The average cost of ice removal can be from $50 to even $125. Using household items can reduce that price to next to none if you already use that item. When prices rise, how are you going to be able to pay for those professionals coming in with their ice scraper and spending an hour outside your house? It is much more cost effective to use an ingredient you already have and spend 30 seconds sprinkling it on the ice. Ice is very dangerous because it can be clear or hidden by snow, this causes slipping and falling. Falling may cause breaking of bones, concussions or even death if you fall too hard. This dangerous, invisible substance can pose a danger to us if we don’t melt it to the best of our abilities. Moving forwards in my  experiment I could test the effect of different materials on lawn and sidewalk to see if when the ice has been melted, does it damage or effect the surface underneath in any form of way. Overall, many people will find my experiment useful to keep them and their neighbors safe by melting ice with pickling salt.

1. When measuring the amount of water to add to the muffin tray, I didn’t measure exactly 35 mls of water, in some I may have added 34mls while others I added 36mls.
    
2. For trial 2 and 3 when freezing the ice, it was left in the freezer for 4 days instead of 3 so my results might be inaccurate.
    
3. When observing my ice I would sometimes touch the ice, causing perhaps, my warm fingers to melt more of the ice affecting the data of my experiment.
    
4. My procedure had a flaw that I discovered during experimentation. I noticed that before weighing the ice some material was sitting at the bottom of the container, though I was still subtracting the full weight of the material. That will have affected my data and overall my results.

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Thank you to my teacher, Ms. Leung and Mrs. Burkell for giving me feedback and advice on my science fair. I wouldn't have made it to CYSF without my classmates and their encouragement. I also want to give a huge thanks to my parents for giving me feedback and helping me with technological problems.