CYSF

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Problem

The problem is, how excessive amounts of anitbiotics can do to you, and what can happen in the future if we do not act now. Especially what will happen if we to 100% resistant rate.

Method

I am using articles and data to analyze my project and to get my information.

Research

ANTIBIOTIC HISTORY

1928 – Alexander Fleming (first antibiotic)
1930 – First antibiotic in the market
Less than a century later – Significant health crisis on global health, food security and development due to ineffective antibiotics from AMR (Antimicrobial Resistance)-World Economic Forum, 2023

FACTORS for Superbugs Spread

Misuse and overuse of antibiotics
Climate change
Pollution
Poor water and sanitation
Lack of awareness (patients, farmers)

FINDINDS

IMPACT ON ADUTLS

Increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illnesses, disability and death
The impact on adults is more at risk because of the age category same with the older age group

IMPACT ON YOUTH

Resistance infections occur to children under the age of 5, and up to 3 million newborns get serious infections that would lead to sepsis every year.
Can cause more serious infections, like pneumococcal infections (Pneumonia, ear infections, sinus infections, and meningitis), skin infections, and tuberculosis.
Study shows, that 26% of children who got antibiotics have a higher chance of becoming obese.

Figure-Human health impact of antibiotic resistance in animal populations

IMPACT ON ANIMALS

Farmers use livestock antibiotics in animals’ early life, which makes animals heavier, giving farmers more profit, and animals have more meat - one of the big reasons for Antibiotic resistance.
When animals get antibiotics, drug-resistance bacteria can survive and multiply in their guts.
Resistant bacteria can stay on meat, if not cooked or treat properly. Which will lead the bacteria in human bodies.
Resistant bacteria can remain in animal feces which can be on crops and be eaten. This is another way how antibiotic resistance can get in human bodies.

CURRENT OUTLOOK

Our currents state with antibiotic resistance isn’t very good.
More than 2.8 million Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) infections happen in U.S, and more than 35,000 people die from this
Antibiotic Resistance occurs when bacteria changes over time and doesn’t respond to the treatment. Every year nearly 5 million died from this infection
Developing Countries (Middle income-Low income countries) and certain groups in our population like, Woman, and children, get impacted the most
Drug resistance is also a big issue, because a cell or a bacteria becomes less sensitive to a specific drug.

FUTURE OUTLOOK

Under two hypothetical scenarios of resistance by 40% and 100%, the model predicts that by 2050 our total number of deaths in the working age population would reach to, 4 and 10.2 million, approximately.

If we continue to use antibiotics like this.
If we stop this, our future will be much safe for our next coming up generations.

ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF AMR:

World Health Organization (WHO)

Global economic impact due to higher healthcare cost, reduced productivity and increased poverty

Science Article Research

John Hopkins Medicine-June 4 2017:

24% of the patients had prolonged hospital visits, 3% of the patients experienced additional Hospital stays as a result of adverse effects, 9% of the patients required additional emergency department visits and 61% of the patients needed additional diagnosis tests.
Observed that patients had about 90 days for the development of Clostridium difficile infection. A bacterial cause by diarrhea that can become severe.

John Hopkins Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease:

Antimicrobial resistance threatens the effectiveness of prevention and treatments of an ever increasing range of infections like ( Bacteria, parasites, fungi etc.). This puts Global Public Health in a threat.
Antimicrobial Resistance naturally occurs over time, usually by genetic changes.
Antibiotics have been overused and misused in people and animals. And sometimes not given by a professional oversight.
If infection is not controlled and inappropriately food handling and non-sanitary places, can encourage the spread of Antimicrobial Resistance.

John Hopkins Hub December 14 2020:

Researchers from John Hopkins University have possibly developed a new Antibiotic for a pathogen and is very resistant to medications and this is frequently lethal to people who have Cystic Fibrosis and other lung alignment.
Pathogen is related to the bacteria that caused Tuberculosis and Leprosy.
However recently they have emerged as a distinct species and could present a Most often as a virulent lung infection.
Lots of People die from this.
This is still considered as an emerging disease

John Hopkins University February 13, 2020:

India has the World’s highest amount of Antibiotic resistance due to over prescribing by the medical professionals. A lot of drugs in Chickens and other animal food products, and etc.
One biggest threat to World Public Health is infections. Including Tuberculosis and pneumonia. They are becoming harder to treat because of Antibiotic Resistance.
India most likely has the most dangerous superbugs known as NDM-1 , has reduce its highest level of antibiotic use.
NDM-1 (New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1) has been found in 70 countries
Antibiotic resistance can lead to longer Hospital stays. Higher medical costs and increased mortality.

Harvard Health Publishing (Harvard Medical School) The Trouble with antibiotics July 20 2016:

There are several side affects with Antibiotics stomach upset, mental confusion, diarrhea, and sometimes Clostridium difficile colitis.
There have been prescribed inappropriately amount of Antibiotics between 2010-2011.
National Ambulatory Medical Care and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical care surveys estimates that 184,000 patient visits and 12.6 % of them were assigned with a Antibiotic prescription.
Estimated that 30% of outpatient oral antibiotic prescriptions may have been inappropriate
When antibiotics are given to animals or prescribed to humans too often, etc, bacteria created mutations to protect themselves.

Harvard Medical (Combating Antibiotic Resistance) November 2nd 2021:

In the Stated is estimated that every year 2.8 million people developed infectious resistant to antibiotics, leading to more than 35,000 deaths
The way we used antibiotics for a long tie, and the way we relied on single use antibiotics, or a limited combination antibiotics. This makes it easy for the bacteria to created resistance.
Then they transfer the capability to other bacterias that haven’t been exposed to Antibiotics.
They identify different antibiotics on chemical screens against bacterial growth.

Harvard Medical (Antibiotics and the Calculus of Risk) August 12 2011:

Harvard Medical (FDA: Certain antibiotics may bring serious risks) March 1st 2019:

In December 2018, FDA reported about a ceratin type of Antibiotics know as Fluoroquinolones. These Drugs are associated with ruptures or Tears in the body ‘s main artery, the aorta, which can cause fatal bleeding.
Reported that people were taking these antibiotics orally or by injection.
Because of this risk, FDA advisory doctors are trying to avoid prescribing these antibiotics to people who have aorta.

Harvard Health Blog February 27 2017, ( No bugs, no drugs: The real end of antibiotics)-

In september 2016, a 70 year old lady died from this infection in her hip that is Antibiotic resistant fully to 26 different antibiotics.
There was a Recent out break of NDM in Colorado, involved patients with this infection without health care exposures
(Klebsiella) This bacteria that killed the lady had powerful enzyme, that can break down Antibiotics, called NDM ( New Delhi metallo-beta- lactamase), Someone traveled to a city in India.
A recent outbreak of NDM Klebsiella was found in Colorado.
Bring New Drugs into the market can become billions, its very pricey
Scientist discover that is is very easy to make Antibiotic Resistant by exposing them to a little bit of Antibiotics , then gradually increasing there degree of Antibiotic pressure.
Bacteria has developed ways to break down antibiotics. Overuse of Antibiotics caused the spread of Bacteria carrying these resistant mechanisms.

Harvard Medical school (Antibiotic Resistance and the Dangers of Superbugs)

Antibiotic Resistance is one of the Public Health Problems World Wide.
The Smart use of antibiotics is to controlling the spread of Antibiotic- Resistance bacteria, and the rise of superbugs.
Bacteria caused infections, are the most difficult to treat if not the most impossible infection to treat.
Bacteria that cause diseases, are resilient and can evade the drugs by weaken them or killing them.

Harvard Medical School November 30 2018- (Giving babies and toddlers antibiotics can increase the risk of obesity):

When we take antibiotics, we are inadvertently and kill some of those bacteria.
Studies shown that babies who are born with cesarean section are most likely going to be obese as they grow, and part of the reason is thought, when they are born they don’t go through the birth canal, which means they don’t get there natural dose of bacteria to get them started in the right direction.
Study shows, that 26% of children who got antibiotics have a higher chance of becoming obese.
Taking one of both of antacid also increased the chance of obesity, but in a lesser extent.
Farmers would give Live stock Antibiotics to animals in there early life, which makes the animals heavier. This is good for farmers because the get more profit and the animal has more meat, however it is the reason why we have antibiotic resistance.
Giving Antibiotics and Antactics to early life, risks them having food allergies, and allergic diseases like asthma, etc.
We need to be careful whenever we mess with the bacteria in our body.
Antibiotics can be life saving, from messing with bacteria in our body can be worth taking. However sometimes we use antibiotics when we don’t need it. And we get prescribed antibiotics for example: common cold, something caused by viruses, Some type of infections, like ear infections. Certain things can get better without the need of Antibiotics.
Sometimes we use Antibiotics longer than we need it, or we use stronger antibiotics when its not necessary.
Parents can play a big role when there doctor is prescribing Antibiotics for there child, they can ask if they need it, other solutions other than antibiotics, etc. But they can ask questions and be curious. If they are concerned.

2019 AR Reports:

More than 2.8 million Antimicrobial Resistance infections happen in U.S, and more than 35,000 people die from this infection
Clostridium Difficile a bacteria that isn’t very resistant, however cause deadly diarrhea and in some ways they are associated with Antibiotics. Report 3 million infections and 48,000 deaths.
U.S. Reported in 2013, Every year at least 2 million people got an Antimicrobial- Resistance Infection, and at least 23,000 people died.

GARDP- (Launch of GARDP strategy 2024-2028)

Antibiotic Resistance occurs when bacteria changes over time and doesn’t respond to the treatment. Every year nearly 5 million died form the Deathly infection.
Antibiotic Resistance may make it very risky to do out routine surgeries and make Modern Medical inventions.
Developing Countries ( Middle income-Low income countries) Certain groups in our population like, Woman, and children, get impacted the most by this virus.
Now they are trying to make Drug- Resistance and save lives.

Developing new treatments for the public Health Needs- planning to deliver “5by2025” to expand portfolio with new treatments to bacterial infection that are big threat to World Health.

Access to Antibiotics for patients around the world- GARDP mad agreements with pharmaceutical and biotech companies to stop delaying Antibiotics from decades to years.

Partnership to revitalize antibiotic antibiotic development- They engaged with all stake holders to coordinate efforts in the Antibiotic pipeline to develop an ecosystem with Antibiotic R&D access.

1-5 deaths caused by drug- Resistance infections occur to children under the age of 5, and up to 3 million newborns get serious infections that would lead to sepsis every year.

ABC News-(Superbugs are a leading global Health Risk):

Antimicrobials, are used for Humans, crops and animals, to prevent and treat infections. But the overdue and misuse of Antibiotics, started to make Antiboitc- Resistant where microorganisms to resist the Antimicrobials.

All of my article resaerch will not be on my trifold. Only some, however this is all of my article resaerch.

Data

Figure: Comparative status of different disease impact on human population

AMR - the biggest threat in 2050

Figure: Information sources for social awareness on AMR from antibiotics

Figure: Working-age population loss-OECD Countries per year (2020-2050):

current resistance rate, 2.1 million
40% resistance rates, 4 million
100% resistance rate, 10 million

Conclusion

At the end of the day we misused and over used antibiotics which led to this world health crisis.
Although there isn’t a cure yet, scientists are sill trying to figure out cures and medicine to prevent this.

Citations

REFERENCES

John Hopkins medicine
Harvard Medicine
GARDP
ABC news. And 2019 AR,

These are the Websites and organizations I used. But in my research I had some other links that I didn't put on my trifold but were in my research. These are the links-